The Reduction of Methane Production in the In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Different Substrates is Linked with the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil.

There is interest in identifying natural products capable of manipulating rumen microbial activity to develop new feed additives for ruminant nutrition as a strategy to reduce methane. Two trials were performed using the in vitro gas production technique to evaluate the interaction of substrate (n = 5) and additive (n = 6, increasing doses: 0, 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 µL/L of essential oils-EO-of Lippia turbinata or Tagetes minuta, and monensin at 1.87 mg/L). The two EO utilized were selected because they differ markedly in their chemical composition, especially in the proportion of oxygenated compounds. For both EO, the interaction between the substrate and additive was significant for all variables; however, the interaction behaved differently for the two EO. Within each substrate, the response was dose-dependent, without effects at a low level of EO and a negative outcome at the highest dose. The intermediate dose (30 µL/L) inhibited methane with a slight reduction on substrate digestibility, with L. turbinata being more effective than T. minuta. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the EO to reduce methane production depends on interactions between the substrate that is fermented and the additive dose that generates different characteristics within the incubation medium (e.g., pH); and thus, the chemical nature of the compounds of the EO modulates the magnitude of this response.

Desigualdades en la formación básica en cuidados paliativos / Inequalities in basic palliative care training

No disponible

Registro del Grupo NADYA-SENPE de Nutrición Enteral Domiciliaria en España; años 2016 y 2017 / Spanish home enteral nutrition registry of the year 2016 and 2017 from the NADYA-SENPE Group

Objetivo: exponer los resultados del registro de nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED) de los años 2016 y 2017 del Grupo NADYA-SENPE. Material y métodos: se recopilaron los pacientes introducidos en el registro del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2016 y la mismas fechas de 2017 para proceder al análisis descriptivo y analítico de los datos. Resultados: en el año 2016 se obtuvieron 4.578 pacientes activos (prevalencia = 98,33 pacientes/millón de habitantes) y en 2017 fueron 4.777 (prevalencia = 102,57). Por sexos, hubo un 50,8% de varones en 2016 y un 50,5% en 2017. En el periodo 2016-17, la edad mediana fue de 71,5 años (IIQ 57-83); asimismo, finalizaron 1.558 episodios de NED y la causa principal fue el fallecimiento (793 pacientes, 50,89%). Los varones adultos fueron más jóvenes que las mujeres (65,3 vs. 73,3 años, p-valor < 0,001) y el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la enfermedad neurológica que cursa con afagia o disfagia severa (59%). La sonda nasogástrica (SNG) fue la vía de acceso más utilizada (48,3%) y se observa, además, que esta es la vía que se utiliza en los pacientes más ancianos (p < 0,001). Se registraron 126 pacientes pediátricos (57,1% niñas). La edad mediana de inicio de la NED fue de cuatro meses. Otras patologías fue el grupo diagnóstico más registrado (41,3%), seguido por la enfermedad neurológica que cursa con afagia o disfagia severa. Se alimentaban a través de gastrostomía en el 57,6% de los casos. Se observó que los niños más pequeños eran los que se alimentaban preferentemente por SNG (p-valor 0,001). Conclusiones: el número de pacientes del registro, así como el número de centros participantes, se va incrementando progresivamente. Las principales características de los pacientes no han variado. A pesar del aumento de posibilidades diagnósticas en la población pediátrica, llama la atención la clasificación dentro del grupo de Otras patologías

Objective: to present the results of the Spanish home enteral nutrition (HEN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE group for the year 2016 and 2017. Material and methods: from January 1st 2016 to December 31st 2017, the HEN registry was recorded and afterwards a further descriptive and analytical analysis was done. Results: in 2016, 4,578 active patients were recorded and prevalence was 98.33 patients per one million inhabitants; in 2017, 4,777 patients were recorded, with a prevalence of 102.57 per one million inhabitants; 50.8% were males in 2016 and 50.5% in 2017. During the period 2016-17, median age was 71.5 years (IIQ 57-83), 1,558 HEN episodes were finished and the main cause was death (793 patients, 50.89%). Adult males were younger than females (65.3 vs. 73.3 years, p-value < 0.001). The most frequent diagnosis was the neurological disorder that presents with aphagia or severe dysphagia (59%). Nasogastric tube was the most frequent administration route (48.3%) and it is the most widely used in elderly patients (p < 0.001). One hundred and twenty-six pediatric patients were registered (57.1% females). Median age at the beginning of HEN in children was four months. "Other disorders" was the most recorded diagnostic group (41.3%), followed by the group of neurological disorder that presents with aphagia or severe dysphagia. Regarding children, 57.6% were fed through gastrostomy and the younger ones were fed through nasogastric tube (p-value 0.001). Conclusions: the number of patients in the registry, as well as the number of participating centers, is progressively increasing. The main characteristics of the patients have not changed. Despite the increase in diagnostic possibilities in the pediatric population, the classification within the group of "Other pathologies" is quite significant

[Lyme disease: about an imported case report]. / Enfermedad de Lyme: a propósito de un caso clínico importado.

This is a case report of an american woman who consulted in our country for multiple erythema migrans, from which a Lyme disease was diagnosed. This infectious disease is caused by spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl) and is transmitted by the bite of ticks. Traditionally Bbsl had been detected in ticks only in the Northern Hemisphere. However, since 2013 there have been reports in South America. In Chile, Borrelia chilensis was recently described, which does not have an associated disease in humans. Aspects of the infectious agent, its epidemiology, its vectors and new findings in South America are discussed. Likewise, the clinical diagnostic criteria, laboratory and appropriate treatment are proposed, according to the stage in their natural history.

Enfermedad de Lyme: a propósito de un caso clínico importado / Lyme disease: about an imported case report

Resumen Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer norteamericana que consultó en nuestro país por un eritema migrans múltiple, diagnosticándose una enfermedad de Lyme. Este cuadro infeccioso es causado por espiroquetas del complejo Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) y es transmitido por la mordedura de garrapatas. Tradicionalmente Bbsl había sido detectada en garrapatas sólo en el hemisferio norte. Sin embargo, desde el 2013 ha habido reportes en Sudamérica. En Chile, recientemente se describió Borrelia chilensis, la cual no tiene una enfermedad asociada en humanos. Se discuten aspectos del agente infeccioso, su epidemiología, sus vectores y nuevos hallazgos en Sudamérica. Además, se plantean los criterios diagnósticos clínicos, de laboratorio y tratamiento, de acuerdo a la etapa en su historia natural.

This is a case report of an american woman who consulted in our country for multiple erythema migrans, from which a Lyme disease was diagnosed. This infectious disease is caused by spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl) and is transmitted by the bite of ticks. Traditionally Bbsl had been detected in ticks only in the Northern Hemisphere. However, since 2013 there have been reports in South America. In Chile, Borrelia chilensis was recently described, which does not have an associated disease in humans. Aspects of the infectious agent, its epidemiology, its vectors and new findings in South America are discussed. Likewise, the clinical diagnostic criteria, laboratory and appropriate treatment are proposed, according to the stage in their natural history.

Polyomavirus en hospederos inmunocomprometidos: situación en Sudamérica / Polyomavirus in immunocompromised patients: the South America's situation

Resumen A 46 años de la identificación de los primeros polyomavirus en humanos (PyV), la preocupación por encontrar nuevos tipos relacionados a patologías de distintos órganos en pacientes inmunosuprimidos persiste. Hasta el momento de esta revisión, 15 PyV han sido descritos, muchos de ellos sin estar claramente asociados a enfermedades. En nuestro país, al igual que en gran parte de Sudamérica, el conocimiento y la pesquisa de estos agentes infecciosos son insuficientes por lo que sistematizamos aquello que se sabe sobre estos virus y su relación con los diferentes sistemas del cuerpo humano, con énfasis en los inmunosuprimidos y señalamos aquellos datos publicados en nuestro continente. Esperamos así incentivar un mayor estudio de estas infecciones virales.

Forty-six years after the identification of the first polyomaviruses in humans (PyV) still there are strong concerns to find new types related to pathologies of different organs in immunocompromised patients. At the time of this review, 15 PyV have been described, many of them without being clearly associated with diseases. In our country, as in much of South America, the knowledge and research of these infectious agents are insufficient, so we systematized what is known about these viruses and their relationship with different human systems with emphasis on immunocompromised and we pointed out data published in our continent. Thus, we hope to encourage the study of these infections.

[Polyomavirus in immunocompromised patients: the South America's situation]. / Polyomavirus en hospederos inmunocomprometidos: situación en Sudamérica.

Forty-six years after the identification of the first polyomaviruses in humans (PyV) still there are strong concerns to find new types related to pathologies of different organs in immunocompromised patients. At the time of this review, 15 PyV have been described, many of them without being clearly associated with diseases. In our country, as in much of South America, the knowledge and research of these infectious agents are insufficient, so we systematized what is known about these viruses and their relationship with different human systems with emphasis on immunocompromised and we pointed out data published in our continent. Thus, we hope to encourage the study of these infections.

Educación superior en Internet e impacto en la cultura de la calidad asistencial de los cuidados / No disponible

No disponible

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the impact that our online methodology is having around not only in quality culture but also in health care training. In Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR) Health Sciences School, we have a great interest in offering professional training to meet society demands. Since 2014, several degrees related to quality health care have been developed. Online higher education is contributing significantly to the culture of quality. The concern for the quality in health care has been around for ages, as much as the own exercise of medicine, there are many variables involved (scientific and technical aspects such as diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation). Our master degree in «Seguridad clínica del paciente y gestión de la calidad asistencial» provides practical training through virtual face-to-face workshops, improving professional skills in the field of public health and quality patient health care. Communication skills are developed for the management of teams in crisis, epidemiology studies and appropriate risk management measures are developed for implementation in different health organizations. The online teaching methodology is having a great impact in disseminating patient safety culture, being accessible to all health specialties and allowing for excellent access to information and knowledge, wich is constantly growing. In addition, the master degree in «Cuidados Paliativos Pediátricos» provides training in care to all pediatric patients, either in the terminal situation or with a deadly disease. These skills aim to improve care and quality of life for these patients (infants, children and teenagers) and their families, in a comprehensive and personalized way, guaranteeing respect for their dignity and the right to their autonomy. In these degrees, the purpose, besides the training in equipping health management tools for staff, is to focus medical and nurse training on care quality, understood as offering a comprehensive, personalized and rigorous service to achieve the objectives of Health. Conclusions: Our online higher education approach is having a great interest and impact improving health care and patient safety. The accessibility of this methodology and the closeness with teachers through virtual face-to-face classes and forums, combined with clinical practices, is postulated as a new teaching model to spread culture of quality in medical education. Seminars or day-conferences are held on specific topics to encourage professional relationships. Some health management models that are proposed are common to our degrees taught for international experts shaping a very specialized area of knowledge around the management of the health care quality

La gestión como elemento facilitador de la Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia / The management as element facilitator of the Evidence-Based Nursing

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Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y su relación con el estado nutricional en personas mayores / Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its relation to nutritional status in older people

Introducción: La Dieta Mediterránea (DM) como modelo de dieta de calidad se asocia con una reducción de la mortalidad y con una mejora en la calidad de vida en personas mayores. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el estado nutricional y los estilos de vida con el grado de adherencia a la DM en personas mayores Métodos: Muestra compuesta por 60 sujetos que acudían a la consulta de enfermería de un centro de salud de Alicante con un Índice de Masa Corporal mayor a 24.9. Se utilizó el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos MEDIS-FFQ, el cuestionario de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea PREDIMED y la valoración antropométrica. Resultados: El 83.3% de la población presentó sobrepeso frente a un 16.7% de obesidad, sin diferencias significativas entre sexos. El porcentaje de grasa corporal fue del 40.3% en las mujeres y 29.5% en los hombres (p=0.001). El 65.2% de la mujeres presentó riesgo cardiovascular frente al 81.8% de los hombres (p=0.001). Se observó bajo cumplimento de las recomendaciones alimentarias en los cereales integrales, fruta y frutos secos. Los sujetos con baja adherencia a la DM presentaron mayores índices de obesidad (OR= 1.46; IC 95%, 0.89- 2.40), un mayor consumo de tabaco (OR= 1.65; IC 95%, 1.05-2.60) y de alcohol (OR=1.53; IC 95%, 0.91-2.55), un mayor índice cintura-cadera (OR= 2.57; IC 95%, 1.3-4.9) y mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (OR= 5.3; IC 95%, 1.02-6.48). Conclusión: Los sujetos con una buena adherencia a la (DM) presentaron un menor índice cintura-cadera y un menor porcentaje de grasa corporal (AU)

Introduction: The Mediterranean diet (MD) and model quality diet is associated with a reduction in mortality and an improvement in quality of life in elderly. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and lifestyles with the degree of adherence to the DM in elderly Methods: Sample consists of 60 subjects who attended the nursing consultation of a scepter health of Alicante with an index greater than 24.9 body mass. The frequency questionnaire food consumption MEDIS-FFQ questionnaire PREDIMED adherence to the Mediterranean diet and anthropometric assessment was used. Results: 83.3% of the population were overweight compared to 16.7% obesity, no significant differences between sexes. The percentage of body fat was 40.3% in women and 29.5% in men (p = 0.001). 65.2% of the women had cardiovascular risk compared with 81.8% of men (p = 0.001). It was observed under compliance with dietary recommendations in whole grains, fruits and nuts. Subjects with low adherence to the DM had higher rates of obesity (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 0.89-2.40), increased consumption of snuff (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.05-2.60) and alcohol (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 0.91-2.55), increased waist-hip ratio (OR = 2.57; 95% CI, 1.3-4.9) and higher percentage of body fat (OR = 5.3; 95% CI, 1.02-6.48). Conclusion: Subjects with good adherence (DM) had a lower waist-hip ratio and a lower percentage of body fat (AU)

Modelos matemáticos en el estudio de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Perspectivas a partir de un metaanálisis / Matematical modeling of antibiotic resistance. Perspectives from a meta-analysys

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es uno de los principales problemas a los que se enfrenta la comunidad sanitaria internacional. El estudio de la resistencia se debe realizar desde un enfoque pluridisciplinar y en este sentido se analiza el papel que puede jugar la Modelización Matemática en este escenario. Así se realiza un análisis tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo de los trabajos que han aparecido en la literatura científica mediante una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos: MEDLINE, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Science. Tras el análisis realizado en este estudio se observa que son pocos los trabajos relacionados con la temática objeto de estudio pero han sido publicados en revistas de un alto impacto; asimismo podemos afirmar que el desarrollo de modelos matemáticos puede jugar un papel muy importante a la hora de analizar y estudiar tanto los tratamientos para prevenir la aparición de las resistencias como el establecimiento y evaluación de estrategias de control en ambientes hospitalarios y la predicción del comportamiento de las infecciones por cepas resistentes(AU)

The antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges of the international health community. The study of antibiotic resistance must be a multidisciplinary task and, in this sense, the main goal of this work is to analyze the role that Mathematical Modeling can play in this scenario. A qualitative and cuantitative analysis of the works published in the scientific literature is done by means of a search in the most important databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science. Consequently, there are few papers related to our topic but the existing works have been published in high-quality and impact international journals. Moreover, we can state that mathematical models are a very important and useful tool to analyze and study both the treatments protocols for resistance prevention and the assesment of control strategies in hospital environtment, or the prediction of the evolution of diseases due to resistant strains(AU)

Calcificación del ligamento transverso del atlas: síndrome de Crowned Dens / No disponible

No disponible

Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interrater and test-retest reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. 50 subjects aged 65 and over with cognitive impairment were selected from an adult day-care centre and a nursing home. To examine interrater reliability, 21 people were evaluated independently by two researchers who administered the 4-m and 6-m walking tests in each evaluation. For test-retest reliability, two observers administered the tests to the same 29 subjects, with a time interval of one week. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to examine interrater and test-retest reliability. The ICCs for interrater reliability reached values of 0.96 and 0.88 for the 4-m and 6-m walking tests, respectively. In the test-retest study, the time interval was 7.4±1.17 days. The ICCs were 0.91 for the 4-m test and 0.86 for the 6-m test. The results support the use of walking tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment.

Manifestaciones alérgicas en el primer año de vida / Allergic manifestations in the first year of life in a an upper middle and upper socioeconomic group of children

There is a lack of information in our country regarding allergies among infants. Objective: Measure the frequency of allergic reactions among children of an upper middle and upper socioeconomic group in Santiago, during their first year of life. Method: Chart information and telephone follow up every 3 months for a period of 12 months. Results: 7.2% of the children presented symptoms suggestive of allergies, and represented the "candidate group". At 12 months, all cases were reviewed, and 3.4% were thought to be probably allergic (48% of candidates). In all cases, the stimulus was thought to be cow's milk. Most frequent were digestive symptoms (88%), while three children had serious illness which included skin, respiratory and digestive symptoms. Treatment included maintenance of nursing when posible, and withdrawal of cow's milk from the diet, with success in all cases. Conclusion: The frequency of allergic type manifestations obtained by phone along the first year of life nearly doubled the number of diagnoses at 12 m of age. Figures obtained in the segment of population assessed were lower than those reported in other countries, mainly in Europe.

En nuestro país falta información sobre las manifestaciones de alergia en lactantes. Objetivo: Medir la frecuencia de manifestaciones alérgicas durante el primer año de vida en una cohorte de nivel socioeconómico medio y alto, nacida de Santiago. Metodología: Seguimiento de cohorte mediante llamadas telefónicas cada tres meses, durante 12 meses e información de fichas de médicos tratantes. Resultados: 7,2% reportaron síntomas potencialmente alérgicos y representaron al "grupo candidato". A los 12 meses, la evaluación caso a caso llevó a considerar que en 3,4% de la cohorte el diagnóstico más probable era alergia (48% de los candidatos); en todos los casos la proteína ofensora fue de leche de vaca. Las manifestaciones digestivas fueron las más frecuentemente informadas (88% de los casos). Tres niños tuvieron manifestaciones graves que incluían piel, aparato respiratorio y digestivo. El tratamiento mantuvo el amamantamiento cuando fue posible y retiró la leche de vaca de la dieta materna. Este tratamiento fue exitoso en todos los casos. Conclusión: La frecuencia de manifestaciones tipo alérgico a lo largo del año fue alrededor del doble de los casos considerados probablemente alérgicos a los 12 meses. Las frecuencias encontradas en el segmento de la población chilena evaluada fueron menores que la informada en otros países, especialmente europeos.

Accidente vascular encefálico en recién nacidos de término y pretérmino tardíos / Brain strokes in late preterm and term newborns

Background: Brain strokes are uncommon in term and late preterm newborns. Nevertheless, they can appear and may be diagnosed when suspected. Appropriate diagnostic techniques, available nowadays, allow a better etiologic and therapeutic approach. Objective: To report late preterm and term newborns who presented an hemorrhagic or ischemic brain stroke. Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical charts at the Neonatology Service of Clínica Las Condes, Santiago-Chile, between January 2001 and March 2008. Results: 0.07 percent (8/10639) of these newborns presented brain stroke; 6 hemorrhagic and 2 ischemic strokes. 2 cases were diagnosed as congenital thrombophylia. No deaths were found in this survey. Conclusions: No differences in frequency were found in relation to data reported. Seizures can be the first clinical manifestation; however, subtle forms must lead to diagnostic suspicion. Appropriate diagnostic techniques may allow an accurate diagnosis and integral therapeutic approach of these patients.

Introducción: Los Accidentes Vasculares Encefálicos (AVE) no constituyen un diagnóstico frecuente en el grupo de Recién Nacidos de término (RNT) y pretérmino tardíos (PTT). A pesar de esto, tampoco es una situación inusual y su diagnóstico dependerá en forma importante del grado de sospecha. El uso de las apropiadas técnicas diagnósticas ha permitido una mejor caracterización de estos eventos, lo que permite en ocasiones llegar a un diagnóstico etiológico con la consiguiente optimización en el manejo. Objetivo: Caracterizar el AVE en recién nacidos de término y pretérmino tardíos. Método: Análisis retrospectivo de la ficha clínica de los pacientes RNT y RNPTT con diagnóstico de AVE nacidos entre Enero del año 2001 a Marzo del año 2008 en el Servicio de Neonatología de la Clínica Las Condes, Santiago. Resultados: Se incluyeron 8 casos, lo que corresponde al 0,07 por ciento de la muestra estudiada (n= 10 639), 6 de ellos presentaron AVE hemorrágico y los 2 restantes se trataron de AVE isquémicos. En 2 casos de la serie se pesquisó trombofilia congénita. No hubo mortalidad asociada en los casos analizados. Conclusiones: La frecuencia fue similar a la de diferentes series anteriormente publicadas. La crisis convulsiva puede ser la primera manifestación clínica, pero hay otras manifestaciones clínicas más sutiles que pueden hacer sospechar el diagnóstico. El uso apropiado de las actuales técnicas diagnósticas puede llevar a un diagnóstico de certeza facilitando el manejo integral del paciente.

The Spanish versions of the Barthel index (BI) and the Katz index (KI) of activities of daily living (ADL): a structured review.

In this article, the evidence relating to the appropriateness to the target population, practicality and psychometric properties of the BI and the KI of ADL on samples of Spanish old people has been evaluated. To obtain the original documents electronic searches were carried out in Spanish databases and in international databases, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL and EMBASE, as well as manual searches and references searches. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The results show a large number of versions, for the two instruments, with weak processes of transcultural adaptation, without standards for its administration, nor for its interpretability. The most evaluated point of reliability was the interrater reproducibility. The evidence about predictive validity is extensive, but the evidence about concurrent validity and responsiveness is very scarce.

[Structured review of activities of daily living measures in older people]. / Revisión estructurada de las medidas de actividades de la vida diaria en personas mayores.

OBJECTIVE: the present article evaluates the evidence relating to the conceptual adaptation, applicability and psychometric properties of activities of daily living measures in Spanish elderly people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: to obtain original documents, electronic searches were carried out in Spanish (IME and ISOC) and international databases (MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL and EMBASE). Manual searches and reference searches were also conducted. RESULTS: 34 articles relating to 4 instruments met the inclusion criteria: the Barthel Index, the Katz Index, the Red Cross Scale of Physical Disability and the Subscale of Personal Care Activities from the OARS. Overall, the results show a large number of versions for each instrument with weak transcultural adaptation processes and without standards for their administration or interpretation. The most frequently evaluated reliability measure was interrater reproducibility. The evidence on predictive validity is extensive, but the evidence on concurrent validity and responsiveness is almost nil. CONCLUSIONS: one version of the Barthel index and another one of the Katz index are the two versions about which the largest quantity of information has been obtained.